| a mess |
From a medical standpoint, Kennedy was a mess. For example, there is the simple fact that Kennedy was hospitalized more than three dozen times in his life and given the last rites three times (see below). Bumgarner provides an excellent short recap of Kennedy's medical history [3a], although the new medical sources pioneered by Dallek [6] [7] are leaving it behind. Dr. Lee Mandel [12] has recently offered a unifying medical diagnosis for Kennedy: auto-immune polyendocrine syndrome type II (APS II). Dr. Mandel notes that Kennedy had signs of adrenal failure as early as 1940, and that his autopsy almost certainly indicates this was auto-immune in origin. Kennedy was diagnosed with hypothyroidism in 1995 and was under treatment for years (see below). [12] Comment: [Technical] APS II is a polygenic disorder defined as: (a) auto-immune adrenocortical failure plus (b) evidence of adrenal inflammation plus (c) either auto-immune thyroid disease or type 1 diabetes mellitus. The peak age of onset is 30. (JFK was 30 when his adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed.) Other associated autoimmune disorders include: atrophic gastritis (with or without pernicious anemia), hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, and celiac disease. The diagram below summarizes the possible interplay between Kennedy's medical problems. The rest of this page has details.  |
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Kennedy, born in May 1917, was an inpatient on literally dozens of occasions.
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Some geographical background (through 1943) may help place the
hospitalization information in context.
Kennedy lived in Boston from 1917 to 1927, then New York from 1927-1930. He
was at various boarding schools in Connecticut
from 1930-1935, visited Europe for the first time
in the summer and fall of 1935 [7a], was briefly a Princeton student until December 1935,
visited Arizona for two months in April-June 1936,
then enrolled at Harvard in the fall of 1936.
He took another European tour in summer 1937 [7b], worked in London during summer 1938 [7c], and spent Feb.-Sept. 1939 in Europe with trips as
far afield as Damascus and Beirut [7d]. After graduating from Harvard in 1940, Kennedy spent a term at Stanford in fall 1940 [7e]. He visited 8 countries in South and Central America in spring 1941 [7f]. Kennedy entered the US Navy in October 1941 [7g] and reached the Pacific theater in March 1943 [7h]. PT-109 sank on Aug. 1, 1943 [7i]. |
- Feb. 1919 - Hospitalized with scarlet fever for two months, followed
by two weeks in a Maine sanatorium. [7j]
- April 1931 - Operation for presumed appendicitis at Danbury Hospital,
Connecticut. It is not clear from the reference whether the operation was
merely recommended, or actually performed [7k]. His Navy medical records recorded a 1932 appendectomy. [7l]
- Nov. 1931 - "A mild cold" put him in the hospital for two
nights. [7k]
- Jan. 1932 - A "cold" which turned into "quite a cough"
put him in the boarding school infirmary for more than a week. [7k]
- April 1932 - Admitted to the infirmary because of a cold, swollen glands,
and "an abnormal urine sample." [7k]
- Jan. 1934 - Kennedy "became very sick and had to be rushed by
ambulance to New Haven Hospital for observation." [7m]
- June 1934 - Spent two weeks at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota,
described as "The Goddamnest hole I've ever seen." He was
transferred to St. Mary's Hospital nearby, spending a total of one month
in the two institutions. [7n]
- April 1935 - A "short stay in the [boarding school] infirmary." [7o]
- Oct. 1935 - Hospitalized in London while studying at the London
School of Economics. He had a "quick recovery." [7o]
- Dec. 1935 - Illness "sent him to Peter Brent Brigham Hospital in
Boston," where he spent almost two months. He could leave the
hospital on weekends to socialize. [7p]. He also "socialized" in the hospital, in the bathtub [7q].
- Spring 1937 - In Harvard's Stillman Infirmary for a recurrence of
his mystery illness. The hospitalization was short: he did not lose
school time as a result. [13a]
- Feb. 1938 - Mayo Clinic [7r]
- Feb. 1938 - In the Harvard infirmary with grippe (not clear if he
was admitted) [7r]
- March 1938 - Spent two weeks in New England Baptist Hospital with
"an intestinal type infection." [7r]
- June 1938 - Again spent two weeks in New England Baptist, for the
same problem as in March 1938. [7r]
- Feb. 1939 - Mayo Clinic [7r]
- late 1940 - Hospitalized for 10 days at the Lahey Clinic (Boston)
because of lower right back pain that came on abruptly during a tennis
game. [7s]
- Jan. 1944 - Examined at the Mayo Clinic. (It is unclear from the
reference whether he was admitted, but admission was probably Mayo's
standard practice then). [7t]
- Feb. 1944 - Evaluated at New England Baptist Hospital for his back.
(The reference is again unclear whether he was admitted.) [7t]
- June 1944 - Admitted to Chelsea Naval Hospital in Boston on June 11, where
he was diagnosed as having a ruptured disk in his back. After 11 days
he was transferred to the Lahey Clinic, where he underwent his first
back operation. He was transferred back to Chelsea Naval Hospital in
August [7u]. The hospitalization was, in total, at least 8 weeks [7v].
- April 1945 - Mayo Clinic [7w]
- ±Sept. 1947 - Hospitalized in the London Clinic (England) with Addison disease [7x]
- July 1953 - Entered George Washington
University Hospital (Washington, DC) for back treatment [7y]
- April 1954 - Admitted to the Lahey Clinic for consultations about his back [7z]
- July 1954 - Short admission to Bethesda Naval Hospital for back problems [7z]
- Oct. 1954 - Admitted to the Hospital for Special Surgery (New York) on the
10th for back surgery, which was postponed three times until Oct. 21.
HIs post-operative course was stormy (he received the last rites at one point),
and he was not discharged until December. [7a1]
- Feb. 1955 - A re-operation at the Hospital for Special Surgery removed the metal plate that had been implanted the previous October [7a1]
- Apr. 1955 - Hospital for Special Surgery (New York) - For a checkup
after the spinal fusion. [19a]
- May 26, 1955 - New York Hospital - Baker Pavillion, room 1052. He stayed
for one week, for an initial evaluation of his back pain by Dr. Travell. [19b]. Dallek describes "terrible back pain" as causing the admission [7b1].
- July 3, 1955 - One-day hospitalization at New England Baptist Hospital [7b1]. Marion says this hospitalization lasted from July 3 to July 10 [13b]. Travell does not mention this hospitalization.
- July 14, 1955 - Admitted to New York Hospital for one week because of back
pain and diarrhea [7b1]. Travell does not mention this hospitalization.
- Jan. 11-13, 1956 - New York Hospital - same room as May 1955. Travell says
she admitted Kennedy "for a general review by Dr. Cohen" (Kennedy's
new endocrinologist, Eugene J. Cohen) [19c]. Dallek describes this as a hospitalization for "large doses of antibiotics
to counter respiratory and urinary tract infections," as well as cystoscopy
under anesthesia [7b1].
- end-Jan. 1956 - Two days in New York Hospital because of "nausea, vomiting, dehydration,
and continuing urinary discomfort" [7b1]. Travell does not mention this hospitalization.
- July 18, 1956 - Admitted for two days to New York Hospital because of abdominal cramps [7b1]. Travell does not mention this hospitalization.
- Sept.-Oct. 1956 - There 3 hospitalizations in Sept.-Oct. 1956 [7b1]. Travell does not mention them.
- Sept.-Oct. 1956 - There 3 hospitalizations in Sept.-Oct. 1956 [7b1]. Travell does not mention them.
- Sept.-Oct. 1956 - There 3 hospitalizations in Sept.-Oct. 1956 [7b1]. Travell does not mention them.
- Sept. 1957 - New York Hospital - For incision and drainage of a soft-tissue
abscess under general anesthesia. [19d]
- [There may be more. This is as far as Dr. Zebra has gotten.]
His medical care at Parkland Memorial Hospital on Nov. 22, 1963 does
not count as a hospitalization -- because he never made it out of the
Emergency Room. |
